科瑞電氣股(gu)份(fen)有限公司 上(shang)海嘉(jia)定 201801

0引(yin)言

隨著船舶(bo)工(gong)業的(de)發(fa)展，船舶(bo)電(dian)網(wang)中中低壓成套(tao)設(she)備越來(lai)越多。中低壓成套(tao)設(she)備由于其(qi)本身的(de)缺陷、異常的(de)工(gong)作條件、諧振(zhen)過(guo)電(dian)壓、絕(jue)緣(yuan)故(gu)障、載流回(hui)路(lu)不良、外來(lai)物體的(de)進入以及人為操(cao)作錯誤等原因，都可能引起弧(hu)光短路(lu)故(gu)障，造(zao)成氣體間(jian)隙擊(ji)穿而引燃電(dian)弧(hu)，船舶(bo)供電(dian)系統(tong)由于空間(jian)有限，設(she)備較多，發(fa)生故(gu)障的(de)概(gai)率可能增加。弧(hu)光短路(lu)釋放巨大的(de)，產生各種電(dian)弧(hu)效應(ying)，使設(she)備中的(de)壓力(li)和溫度(du)迅速增加，電(dian)弧(hu)光溫度(du)約7000-8000℃，超過太陽表面(mian)(mian)的(de)溫(wen)度，伴隨著巨大(da)的(de)光能和釋放，如不能及(ji)時切除(chu)，電弧可將(jiang)成套(tao)設備內的(de)器件點燃(ran)，引起火(huo)災，大(da)面(mian)(mian)積燒毀(hui)配電設備，造成嚴重(zhong)的(de)損失和重(zhong)大(da)人(ren)身(shen)傷(shang)亡事(shi)故。

將電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)光保護應用至船舶電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)，對船用電(dian)(dian)網中的(de)(de)開(kai)關柜(ju)進行快(kuai)速保護，即在(zai)弧(hu)(hu)光短路故(gu)障(zhang)發生后立即采取保護動作，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)燃(ran)燒之前(qian)切(qie)除(chu)故(gu)障(zhang)，可提高故(gu)處理速度，解決弧(hu)(hu)光短路故(gu)障(zhang)所造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)危(wei)害，減(jian)少設(she)備(bei)維護及人員(yuan)傷亡(wang)，提高電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)安全(quan)及經(jing)濟效益。如(ru)何(he)在(zai)設(she)備(bei)產生電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)故(gu)障(zhang)時，快(kuai)速切(qie)除(chu)故(gu)障(zhang)，將事故(gu)的(de)(de)危(wei)害降到是一個值得研(yan)究的(de)(de)內容。

1國(guo)內(nei)外現狀

上世(shi)紀60年(nian)代(dai)，國(guo)際上(shang)一些(xie)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)一些(xie)電力系統和廠礦企業(ye)應用方面已有近20年的歷史。上(shang)世紀90年代(dai)ABB公司開始(shi)研發用于配電柜的(de)REAl01-107系(xi)列弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)護產品。

中國(guo)的套弧光保護裝(zhuang)置是隨(sui)著(zhu)成(cheng)套設(she)備引進而來，于1995年投運(yun)。2009年國(guo)華天津盤山電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)進(jin)口(kou)機組也配有(you)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)保(bao)護(hu)裝置。隨著微電(dian)(dian)子技(ji)(ji)術和光(guang)(guang)傳感器技(ji)(ji)術的(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)展，電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)保(bao)護(hu)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)不(bu)斷成熟，國(guo)內(nei)(nei)對電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)認識不(bu)斷提高，電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)市(shi)場需求(qiu)不(bu)斷擴(kuo)大(da)。國(guo)內(nei)(nei)很多單(dan)位(wei)都進(jin)行(xing)了電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)保(bao)護(hu)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)研發(fa)。安(an)科瑞(rui)的ARB5系列電(dian)弧(hu)光保(bao)護系統(tong)等產品均已在電(dian)力行業得到運用(yong)。

但(dan)以上(shang)電(dian)(dian)弧光(guang)保護系統均為針對陸上(shang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的弧光(guang)保護而(er)設(she)計，在船舶電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的應(ying)用(yong)上(shang)均有不足之(zhi)處。

2船舶電(dian)力系(xi)統與陸上電(dian)力系(xi)統的區別

船舶電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)從主(zhu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)板(ban)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)傳輸，經過中間的(de)(de)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置（區(qu)(qu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)板(ban)、分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)箱等(deng)），送往各電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣用戶，形成的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力網絡即(ji)為船舶電(dian)(dian)(dian)力網。對船舶電(dian)(dian)(dian)力網的(de)(de)基本要(yao)求是生命(ming)力強，即(ji)要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)網在發生故障(zhang)或局部破損等(deng)情況下(xia)，仍能(neng)保證對負載的(de)(de)連續供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并限(xian)制故障(zhang)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)和將故障(zhang)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)限(xian)于范圍之內。其與陸上電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)別主(zhu)要(yao)有以下(xia)三點(dian)：

1）來源：陸上電力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的來源一般只有一個，即上電網(wang)；而(er)船舶(bo)電力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的來源有多個，各個發電機、岸電等均(jun)可(ke)作為船舶(bo)電力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的來源。

2）電(dian)纜聯結(jie)(jie)(jie)的拓撲(pu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構：陸(lu)上電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的電(dian)纜聯結(jie)(jie)(jie)的拓撲(pu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構一般(ban)為樹狀結(jie)(jie)(jie)構，縱向層次較多(duo)，橫(heng)(heng)向結(jie)(jie)(jie)構則較簡單；而(er)船舶電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)從(cong)可靠性出發，一般(ban)采用環狀結(jie)(jie)(jie)構，縱向層次較少，而(er)橫(heng)(heng)向結(jie)(jie)(jie)構則較多(duo)，有母聯開關、跨接開關等(deng)設備(bei)。

3）流(liu)向：陸(lu)上電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的流(liu)向一(yi)般(ban)是固定(ding)的；而船(chuan)舶(bo)電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的流(liu)向不定(ding)，可根據需要通過母聯開關、跨接開關變(bian)更船(chuan)舶(bo)電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的流(liu)向，以(yi)保證供電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的連(lian)續性。

3電弧光保護的(de)原理

電弧(hu)光保護的動作判(pan)據為(wei)電弧(hu)故(gu)障時(shi)產生的兩(liang)個條(tiao)件：弧(hu)光和(he)(he)電流(liu)(liu)增量。當同時(shi)檢(jian)測(ce)到弧(hu)光和(he)(he)電流(liu)(liu)增量時(shi)系統(tong)發(fa)出(chu)跳(tiao)閘指(zhi)令(ling)，當僅檢(jian)測(ce)到弧(hu)光或者電流(liu)(liu)增量時(shi)發(fa)出(chu)報警信號，而(er)不會發(fa)出(chu)跳(tiao)閘指(zhi)令(ling)。

4弧光(guang)保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)簡介

針對船舶(bo)電(dian)力系(xi)統的特點，提出(chu)了弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)保護裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，裝(zhuang)置(zhi)由主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)控單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)、弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)、電(dian)流(liu)單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)傳(chuan)感器(qi)等組成(cheng)，采用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖星型連(lian)接(jie)(jie)方式(shi)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)控單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)電(dian)流(liu)單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)、主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)控單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)間采用(yong)單(dan)(dan)模通信光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)控單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)傳(chuan)感器(qi)、弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)傳(chuan)感器(qi)之(zhi)間采用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)。

船(chuan)用(yong)弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置采用(yong)模塊(kuai)化設計(ji)，由于配置模塊(kuai)化，裝(zhuang)置適合(he)于各種(zhong)不同場(chang)合(he)的電弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)應用(yong)，可組(zu)成(cheng)從(cong)只(zhi)有(you)一(yi)個主控單(dan)元的簡單(dan)系統，到包含(han)多個單(dan)元能用(yong)于選擇性電弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的復雜系統。裝(zhuang)置采用(yong)弧(hu)光(guang)檢測和(he)過電流檢測雙(shuang)判(pan)據原理，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)作速(su)(su)度(du)快(kuai)、可靠性高(gao)，裝(zhuang)置綜合(he)弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)高(gao)速(su)(su)通信網絡技術，吸收弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、電流保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的特點(dian)，是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)基于選擇性的快(kuai)速(su)(su)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置系統。

1）主控單元

主控(kong)單(dan)元(yuan)是系統(tong)的(de)主控(kong)部分，負責輸入量(liang)的(de)采(cai)集、測量(liang)、計算及邏輯判斷，實(shi)現系統(tong)的(de)各項保護邏輯、與上位機(ji)通訊、自檢(jian)及其他輔助功能，主控(kong)單(dan)元(yuan)可檢(jian)測6路弧光信息，具有2路跳閘接(jie)點輸出，具備基(ji)本保(bao)護功能，可(ke)實(shi)現簡單區域的(de)保(bao)護。

2）電流(liu)單元

電(dian)流(liu)單元用于電(dian)流(liu)采(cai)(cai)集，可(ke)以就(jiu)近(jin)安裝(zhuang)在開關柜電(dian)流(liu)互感器旁，就(jiu)地采(cai)(cai)集3路來自電(dian)流互感器的電(dian)流信息，省去大量電(dian)纜(lan)，避(bi)免電(dian)流回路來回轉接，電(dian)流單元具(ju)備2路跳(tiao)閘接點輸出，可實現本(ben)地跳(tiao)閘，電流單元通過光(guang)纖與主控單元連接。

3）弧光單元

弧光(guang)單元(yuan)用于弧光(guang)傳感器擴展，具備24個弧光檢測點，2個(ge)級(ji)聯接口，弧(hu)光單元可通(tong)過(guo)光纖級(ji)聯擴展。

4）弧光傳感器

弧光(guang)(guang)傳感(gan)器(qi)為光(guang)(guang)感(gan)應元(yuan)件，可采(cai)集母線室(shi)、斷路器(qi)室(shi)和電(dian)纜室(shi)的弧光(guang)(guang)信息，在發生(sheng)弧光(guang)(guang)故障時檢測突然增加的光(guang)(guang)強，并通(tong)過光(guang)(guang)纖將光(guang)(guang)信號傳送給主控(kong)單(dan)元(yuan)或弧光(guang)(guang)單(dan)元(yuan)。

5船舶電(dian)力系統弧光保護系統配置(zhi)策略

從總(zong)體上(shang)來(lai)說(shuo)，船舶(bo)電力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)護(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)一般有兩種配(pei)置(zhi)方法：集中(zhong)式(shi)配(pei)置(zhi)和分布式(shi)配(pei)置(zhi)。集中(zhong)式(shi)配(pei)置(zhi)方法是(shi)指(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)設置(zhi)一臺主機，其他配(pei)套單元都是(shi)從屬該主機，整(zheng)個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)所有保(bao)護(hu)動作都是(shi)由主機集中(zhong)控制(zhi)。集中(zhong)式(shi)的(de)優點是(shi)：

主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)掌握整個被(bei)保護(hu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)構(gou)成及(ji)邏(luo)(luo)輯(ji)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，能(neng)(neng)夠根據故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)發生的(de)部位從整個系(xi)(xi)(xi)統角度有(you)選擇的(de)切除故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，適用(yong)于(yu)復雜(za)的(de)多層(ceng)樹狀結構(gou)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統；只有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)具有(you)邏(luo)(luo)輯(ji)判斷(duan)、操(cao)作顯示(shi)、通(tong)訊等功能(neng)(neng)，其他(ta)配套單元只作擴(kuo)展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)用(yong)，硬件使用(yong)率較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高。集中(zhong)式(shi)的(de)缺(que)點是：主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)功能(neng)(neng)強大(da)(da)，但當系(xi)(xi)(xi)統輸入輸出(chu)(chu)接口(kou)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多時，主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)的(de)體積較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)；當主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)

時(shi)(shi)，整(zheng)(zheng)個保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)失(shi)去功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)安全冗(rong)余度(du)小(xiao)(xiao)。分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)配(pei)置方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是(shi)指系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)設(she)置多臺(tai)(tai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)，每(mei)(mei)臺(tai)(tai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)只分(fen)管(guan)自己負(fu)責(ze)的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)，各主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)上是(shi)平等關(guan)系(xi)。分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)優點是(shi)：系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)安全冗(rong)余度(du)高，單臺(tai)(tai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)故(gu)障(zhang)不會導(dao)致(zhi)整(zheng)(zheng)個保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)失(shi)效；每(mei)(mei)臺(tai)(tai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)只負(fu)責(ze)局部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)有限，尺寸較小(xiao)(xiao)。分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)缺點是(shi)：每(mei)(mei)個主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)都具有邏輯判斷、操作顯示、通訊等功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，硬件(jian)資源有些(xie)浪費(fei)；每(mei)(mei)臺(tai)(tai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)只有局部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，當系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)較復(fu)雜(za)時(shi)(shi)，不能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)從(cong)整(zheng)(zheng)個系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)角度(du)實現的(de)(de)選擇性保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。就船(chuan)舶電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)縱向(xiang)層次較淺，即發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、母線、負(fu)載等，而(er)橫向(xiang)結構(gou)較多，與陸用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不同(tong)(tong)，船(chuan)舶電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流動方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)不確定(ding)，入口(kou)也較多，如果采(cai)用(yong)(yong)集中式(shi)(shi)配(pei)置方(fang)(fang)法(fa)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)輸(shu)入輸(shu)出接(jie)(jie)口(kou)將較多，造成體積較大；同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)船(chuan)舶電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)各配(pei)電(dian)(dian)板(ban)(ban)、舷側跨接(jie)(jie)控制(zhi)板(ban)(ban)位(wei)于(yu)船(chuan)的(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)集中式(shi)(shi)配(pei)置將導(dao)致(zhi)到主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)接(jie)(jie)線困難；主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)由單臺(tai)(tai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)實現，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)故(gu)障(zhang)將導(dao)致(zhi)整(zheng)(zheng)個系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)喪失(shi)。因此船(chuan)舶電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)配(pei)置方(fang)(fang)法(fa)較為(wei)合適。

6安科瑞(rui)ARB5-M弧光(guang)保護產品選型說明

ARB5-弧光主控單元

（1）＊表(biao)示可選附件，需要(yao)另(ling)外增加(jia)費(fei)用1500元。

（2）主控(kong)板和采集板數量之和不(bu)能大于4。

（3）弧(hu)光探頭到采(cai)集(ji)板的長度(du)不能超(chao)過20米。

（4）如有特(te)殊要求，請(qing)特(te)別注明(ming)。

7安科瑞(rui)ARB5-M弧光保護(hu)產品功能(neng)和技術參(can)數

8安科瑞(rui)ARB5-M弧光(guang)保(bao)護產品(pin)現場(chang)安(an)裝

弧光保護(hu)主(zhu)控單(dan)元、探頭安裝圖如下(xia)。

9結(jie)束語

以上(shang)總結(jie)了弧(hu)(hu)光保護裝置的(de)設(she)計和其配(pei)置策略(lve)在(zai)各種常用環境中的(de)使用方(fang)法，在(zai)一定程度上(shang)提供了故障的(de)快(kuai)速解決及可靠(kao)性保護的(de)一套優化方(fang)案。隨(sui)著電力(li)技(ji)術不斷深(shen)入研(yan)究，弧(hu)(hu)光技(ji)術作(zuo)為代的(de)保護技(ji)術會越來(lai)越受到(dao)廣泛關注和應(ying)用，從(cong)而進一步的(de)提高船舶(bo)電力(li)系統(tong)的(de)穩定和設(she)備的(de)安全。

參(can)考文(wen)獻：

[1]劉彤.船舶(bo)電(dian)力系統中電(dian)弧光保護(hu)的應用(yong)．

[2]安科瑞企業微(wei)電網設計與應用手(shou)冊(ce)2022.5（版）.